REGULATION (EU) 2024/1991 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
of 24 June 2024
on nature restoration and amending Regulation (EU) 2022/869
(Text with EEA relevance)
CHAPTER I
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 1
Subject matter
Article 2
Geographical scope
Article 3
Definitions
CHAPTER II
RESTORATION TARGETS AND OBLIGATIONS
Article 4
Restoration of terrestrial, coastal and freshwater ecosystems
Article 5
Restoration of marine ecosystems
Article 6
Energy from renewable sources
Article 7
National defence
Article 8
Restoration of urban ecosystems
Article 9
Restoration of the natural connectivity of rivers and natural functions of the related floodplains
Article 10
Restoration of pollinator populations
Article 11
Restoration of agricultural ecosystems
Article 12
Restoration of forest ecosystems
Article 13
Planting three billion additional trees
CHAPTER III
NATIONAL RESTORATION PLANS
Article 14
Preparation of the national restoration plans
Article 15
Content of the national restoration plan
Article 16
Submission of the draft national restoration plan
Article 17
Assessment of the national restoration plan
Article 18
Coordination of restoration measures in marine ecosystems
Article 19
Review of the national restoration plan
CHAPTER IV
MONITORING AND REPORTING
Article 20
Monitoring
Article 21
Reporting
CHAPTER V
DELEGATED AND IMPLEMENTING ACTS
Article 22
Amendment of Annexes
Article 23
Exercise of the delegation
Article 24
Committee procedure
CHAPTER VI
FINAL PROVISIONS
Article 25
Amendment to Regulation (EU) 2022/869
Article 26
Review
Article 27
Temporary suspension
Article 28
Entry into force
ANNEX I
TERRESTRIAL, COASTAL AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS – HABITAT TYPES AND GROUPS OF HABITAT TYPES REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 4(1) AND (4)
1. GROUP 1: Wetlands (coastal & inland)
Habitat type code as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC |
Habitat type name as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC |
Coastal and salt habitats |
|
1130 |
Estuaries |
1140 |
Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide |
1150 |
Coastal lagoons |
1310 |
Salicornia and other annuals colonizing mud and sand |
1320 |
Spartina swards (Spartinion maritimae) |
1330 |
Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia maritimae) |
1340 |
Inland salt meadows |
1410 |
Mediterranean salt meadows (Juncetalia maritimi) |
1420 |
Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic halophilous scrubs (Sarcocornetea fruticosi) |
1530 |
Pannonic salt steppes and salt marshes |
1650 |
Boreal Baltic narrow inlets |
Wet heaths and peat grassland |
|
4010 |
Northern Atlantic wet heaths with Erica tetralix |
4020 |
Temperate Atlantic wet heaths with Erica ciliaris and Erica tetralix |
6460 |
Peat grasslands of Troodos |
Mires, bogs and fens |
|
7110 |
Active raised bogs |
7120 |
Degraded raised bogs still capable of natural regeneration |
7130 |
Blanket bogs |
7140 |
Transition mires and quaking bogs |
7150 |
Depressions on peat substrates of the Rhynchosporion |
7160 |
Fennoscandian mineral-rich springs and springfens |
7210 |
Calcareous fens with Cladium mariscus and species of the Caricion davallianae |
7220 |
Petrifying springs with tufa formation (Cratoneurion) |
7230 |
Alkaline fens |
7240 |
Alpine pioneer formations of the Caricion bicoloris-atrofuscae |
7310 |
Aapa mires |
7320 |
Palsa mires |
Wet forests |
|
9080 |
Fennoscandian deciduous swamp woods |
91D0 |
Bog woodland |
2. GROUP 2: Grasslands and other pastoral habitats
Habitat type code as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC |
Habitat type name as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC |
Costal and dune habitats |
|
1630 |
Boreal Baltic coastal meadows |
21A0 |
Machairs |
Heath and scrub habitats |
|
4030 |
European dry heaths |
4040 |
Dry Atlantic coastal heaths with Erica vagans |
4090 |
Endemic oro-Mediterranean heaths with gorse |
5130 |
Juniperus communis formations on heaths or calcareous grasslands |
8240 |
Limestone pavements |
Grasslands |
|
6110 |
Rupicolous calcareous or basophilic grasslands of the Alysso-Sedion albi |
6120 |
Xeric sand calcareous grasslands |
6130 |
Calaminarian grasslands of the Violetalia calaminariae |
6140 |
Siliceous Pyrenean Festuca eskia grasslands |
6150 |
Siliceous alpine and boreal grasslands |
6160 |
Oro-Iberian Festuca indigesta grasslands |
6170 |
Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands |
6180 |
Macaronesian mesophile grasslands |
6190 |
Rupicolous pannonic grasslands (Stipo-Festucetalia pallentis) |
6210 |
Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia) |
6220 |
Pseudo-steppe with grasses and annuals of the Thero-Brachypodietea |
6230 |
Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on silicious substrates in mountain areas (and submountain areas in Continental Europe) |
6240 |
Sub-Pannonic steppic grasslands |
6250 |
Pannonic loess steppic grasslands |
6260 |
Pannonic sand steppes |
6270 |
Fennoscandian lowland species-rich dry to mesic grasslands |
6280 |
Nordic alvar and precambrian calcareous flatrocks |
62A0 |
Eastern sub-Mediterranean dry grasslands (Scorzoneratalia villosae) |
62B0 |
Serpentinophilous grassland of Cyprus |
62C0 |
Ponto-Sarmatic steppes |
62D0 |
Oro-Moesian acidophilous grasslands |
6410 |
Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey-silt-laden soils (Molinion caeruleae) |
6420 |
Mediterranean tall humid grasslands of the Molinio-Holoschoenion |
6510 |
Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis) |
6520 |
Mountain hay meadows |
Dehesas and wooded meadows |
|
6310 |
Dehesas with evergreen Quercus spp. |
6530 |
Fennoscandian wooded meadows |
9070 |
Fennoscandian wooded pastures |
3. GROUP 3: River, lake, alluvial and riparian habitats
Habitat type code as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC |
Habitat type name as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC |
Rivers and lakes |
|
3110 |
Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals of sandy plains (Littorelletalia uniflorae) |
3120 |
Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals generally on sandy soils of the West Mediterranean, with Isoetes spp. |
3130 |
Oligotrophic to mesotrophic standing waters with vegetation of the Littorelletea uniflorae and/or of the Isoëto-Nanojuncetea |
3140 |
Hard oligo-mesotrophic waters with benthic vegetation of Chara spp. |
3150 |
Natural eutrophic lakes with Magnopotamion or Hydrocharition — type vegetation |
3160 |
Natural dystrophic lakes and ponds |
3170 |
Mediterranean temporary ponds |
3180 |
Turloughs |
3190 |
Lakes of gypsum karst |
31A0 |
Transylvanian hot-spring lotus beds |
3210 |
Fennoscandian natural rivers |
3220 |
Alpine rivers and the herbaceous vegetation along their banks |
3230 |
Alpine rivers and their ligneous vegetation with Myricaria germanica |
3240 |
Alpine rivers and their ligneous vegetation with Salix elaeagnos |
3250 |
Constantly flowing Mediterranean rivers with Glaucium flavum |
3260 |
Water courses of plain to montane levels with the Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho-Batrachion vegetation |
3270 |
Rivers with muddy banks with Chenopodion rubri p.p. and Bidention p.p. vegetation |
3280 |
Constantly flowing Mediterranean rivers with Paspalo-Agrostidion species and hanging curtains of Salix and Populus alba |
3290 |
Intermittently flowing Mediterranean rivers of the Paspalo-Agrostidion |
32A0 |
Tufa cascades of karstic rivers of the Dinaric Alps |
Alluvial meadows |
|
6430 |
Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains and of the montane to alpine levels |
6440 |
Alluvial meadows of river valleys of the Cnidion dubii |
6450 |
Northern boreal alluvial meadows |
6540 |
Sub-Mediterranean grasslands of the Molinio-Hordeion secalini |
Alluvial/Riparian forests |
|
9160 |
Sub-Atlantic and medio-European oak or oak-hornbeam forests of the Carpinion betuli |
91E0 |
Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae) |
91F0 |
Riparian mixed forests of Quercus robur, Ulmus laevis and Ulmus minor, Fraxinus excelsior or Fraxinus angustifolia, along the great rivers (Ulmenion minoris) |
92A0 |
Salix alba and Populus alba galleries |
92B0 |
Riparian formations on intermittent Mediterranean water courses with Rhododendron ponticum, Salix and others |
92C0 |
Platanus orientalis and Liquidambar orientalis woods (Platanion orientalis) |
92D0 |
Southern riparian galleries and thickets (Nerio-Tamaricetea and Securinegion tinctoriae) |
9370 |
Palm groves of Phoenix |
4. GROUP 4: Forests
Habitat type code as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC |
Habitat type name as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC |
Boreal forests |
|
9010 |
Western Taïga |
9020 |
Fennoscandian hemiboreal natural old broad-leaved deciduous forests (Quercus, Tilia, Acer, Fraxinus or Ulmus) rich in epiphytes |
9030 |
Natural forests of primary succession stages of landupheaval coast |
9040 |
Nordic subalpine/subarctic forests with Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii |
9050 |
Fennoscandian herb-rich forests with Picea abies |
9060 |
Coniferous forests on, or connected to, glaciofluvial eskers |
Temperate forests |
|
9110 |
Luzulo-Fagetum beech forests |
9120 |
Atlantic acidophilous beech forests with Ilex and sometimes also Taxus in the shrublayer (Quercion robori-petraeae or Ilici-Fagenion) |
9130 |
Asperulo-Fagetum beech forests |
9140 |
Medio-European subalpine beech woods with Acer and Rumex arifolius |
9150 |
Medio-European limestone beech forests of the Cephalanthero-Fagion |
9170 |
Galio-Carpinetum oak-hornbeam forests |
9180 |
Tilio-Acerion forests of slopes, screes and ravines |
9190 |
Old acidophilous oak woods with Quercus robur on sandy plains |
91A0 |
Old sessile oak woods with Ilex and Blechnum in the British Isles |
91B0 |
Thermophilous Fraxinus angustifolia woods |
91G0 |
Pannonic woods with Quercus petraea and Carpinus betulus |
91H0 |
Pannonian woods with Quercus pubescens |
91I0 |
Euro-Siberian steppic woods with Quercus spp. |
91J0 |
Taxus baccata woods of the British Isles |
91K0 |
Illyrian Fagus sylvatica forests (Aremonio-Fagion) |
91L0 |
Illyrian oak-hornbeam forests (Erythronio-Carpinion) |
91M0 |
Pannonian-Balkanic turkey oak – sessile oak forests |
91P0 |
Holy Cross fir forest (Abietetum polonicum) |
91Q0 |
Western Carpathian calcicolous Pinus sylvestris forests |
91R0 |
Dinaric dolomite Scots pine forests (Genisto januensis-Pinetum) |
91S0 |
Western Pontic beech forests |
91T0 |
Central European lichen Scots pine forests |
91U0 |
Sarmatic steppe pine forest |
91V0 |
Dacian Beech forests (Symphyto-Fagion) |
91W0 |
Moesian beech forests |
91X0 |
Dobrogean beech forests |
91Y0 |
Dacian oak & hornbeam forests |
91Z0 |
Moesian silver lime woods |
91AA |
Eastern white oak woods |
91BA |
Moesian silver fir forests |
91CA |
Rhodopide and Balkan Range Scots pine forests |
Mediterranean and Macaronesian forests |
|
9210 |
Apeninne beech forests with Taxus and Ilex |
9220 |
Apennine beech forests with Abies alba and beech forests with Abies nebrodensis |
9230 |
Galicio-Portuguese oak woods with Quercus robur and Quercus pyrenaica |
9240 |
Quercus faginea and Quercus canariensis Iberian woods |
9250 |
Quercus trojana woods |
9260 |
Castanea sativa woods |
9270 |
Hellenic beech forests with Abies borisii-regis |
9280 |
Quercus frainetto woods |
9290 |
Cupressus forests (Acero-Cupression) |
9310 |
Aegean Quercus brachyphylla woods |
9320 |
Olea and Ceratonia forests |
9330 |
Quercus suber forests |
9340 |
Quercus ilex and Quercus rotundifolia forests |
9350 |
Quercus macrolepis forests |
9360 |
Macaronesian laurel forests (Laurus, Ocotea) |
9380 |
Forests of Ilex aquifolium |
9390 |
Scrub and low forest vegetation with Quercus alnifolia |
93A0 |
Woodlands with Quercus infectoria (Anagyro foetidae-Quercetum infectoriae) |
Mountainous coniferous forests |
|
9410 |
Acidophilous Picea forests of the montane to alpine levels (Vaccinio-Piceetea) |
9420 |
Alpine Larix decidua and/or Pinus cembra forests |
9430 |
Subalpine and montane Pinus uncinata forests |
9510 |
Southern Apennine Abies alba forests |
9520 |
Abies pinsapo forests |
9530 |
(Sub-) Mediterranean pine forests with endemic black pines |
9540 |
Mediterranean pine forests with endemic Mesogean pines |
9550 |
Canarian endemic pine forests |
9560 |
Endemic forests with Juniperus spp. |
9570 |
Tetraclinis articulata forests |
9580 |
Mediterranean Taxus baccata woods |
9590 |
Cedrus brevifolia forests (Cedrosetum brevifoliae) |
95A0 |
High oro-Mediterranean pine forests |
5. GROUP 5: Steppe, heath and scrub habitats
Habitat type code as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC |
Habitat type name as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC |
Salt and gypsum steppes |
|
1430 |
Halo-nitrophilous scrubs (Pegano-Salsoletea) |
1510 |
Mediterranean salt steppes (Limonietalia) |
1520 |
Iberian gypsum vegetation (Gypsophiletalia) |
Temperate heath and scrub |
|
4050 |
Endemic macaronesian heaths |
4060 |
Alpine and Boreal heaths |
4070 |
Bushes with Pinus mugo and Rhododendron hirsutum (Mugo-Rhododendretum hirsuti) |
4080 |
Sub-Arctic Salix spp. scrub |
40A0 |
Subcontinental peri-Pannonic scrub |
40B0 |
Rhodope Potentilla fruticosa thickets |
40C0 |
Ponto-Sarmatic deciduous thickets |
Sclerophyllous scrub (matorral) |
|
5110 |
Stable xerothermophilous formations with Buxus sempervirens on rock slopes (Berberidion p.p.) |
5120 |
Mountain Cytisus purgans formations |
5140 |
Cistus palhinhae formations on maritime wet heaths |
5210 |
Arborescent matorral with Juniperus spp. |
5220 |
Arborescent matorral with Zyziphus |
5230 |
Arborescent matorral with Laurus nobilis |
5310 |
Laurus nobilis thickets |
5320 |
Low formations of Euphorbia close to cliffs |
5330 |
Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub |
5410 |
West Mediterranean clifftop phryganas (Astragalo-Plantaginetum subulatae) |
5420 |
Sarcopoterium spinosum phryganas |
5430 |
Endemic phryganas of the Euphorbio-Verbascion |
6. GROUP 6: Rocky and dune habitats
Habitat type code as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC |
Habitat type name as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC |
Sea cliffs, beaches, and islets |
|
1210 |
Annual vegetation of drift lines |
1220 |
Perennial vegetation of stony banks |
1230 |
Vegetated sea cliffs of the Atlantic and Baltic Coasts |
1240 |
Vegetated sea cliffs of the Mediterranean coasts with endemic Limonium spp. |
1250 |
Vegetated sea cliffs with endemic flora of the Macaronesian coasts |
1610 |
Baltic esker islands with sandy, rocky and shingle beach vegetation and sublittoral vegetation |
1620 |
Boreal Baltic islets and small islands |
1640 |
Boreal Baltic sandy beaches with perennial vegetation |
Coastal and inland dunes |
|
2110 |
Embryonic shifting dunes |
2120 |
Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria (‘white dunes’) |
2130 |
Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (‘grey dunes’) |
2140 |
Decalcified fixed dunes with Empetrum nigrum |
2150 |
Atlantic decalcified fixed dunes (Calluno-Ulicetea) |
2160 |
Dunes with Hippophaë rhamnoides |
2170 |
Dunes with Salix repens ssp. argentea (Salicion arenariae) |
2180 |
Wooded dunes of the Atlantic, Continental and Boreal region |
2190 |
Humid dune slacks |
2210 |
Crucianellion maritimae fixed beach dunes |
2220 |
Dunes with Euphorbia terracina |
2230 |
Malcolmietalia dune grasslands |
2240 |
Brachypodietalia dune grasslands with annuals |
2250 |
Coastal dunes with Juniperus spp. |
2260 |
Cisto-Lavenduletalia dune sclerophyllous scrubs |
2270 |
Wooded dunes with Pinus pinea and/or Pinus pinaster |
2310 |
Dry sand heaths with Calluna and Genista |
2320 |
Dry sand heaths with Calluna and Empetrum nigrum |
2330 |
Inland dunes with open Corynephorus and Agrostis grasslands |
2340 |
Pannonic inland dunes |
91N0 |
Pannonic inland sand dune thicket (Junipero-Populetum albae) |
Rocky habitats |
|
8110 |
Siliceous scree of the montane to snow levels (Androsacetalia alpinae and Galeopsietalia ladani) |
8120 |
Calcareous and calcshist screes of the montane to alpine levels (Thlaspietea rotundifolii) |
8130 |
Western Mediterranean and thermophilous scree |
8140 |
Eastern Mediterranean screes |
8150 |
Medio-European upland siliceous screes |
8160 |
Medio-European calcareous scree of hill and montane levels |
8210 |
Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation |
8220 |
Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation |
8230 |
Siliceous rock with pioneer vegetation of the Sedo-Scleranthion or of the Sedo albi-Veronicion dillenii |
8310 |
Caves not open to the public |
8320 |
Fields of lava and natural excavations |
8340 |
Permanent glaciers |
ANNEX II
MARINE ECOSYSTEMS – HABITAT TYPES AND GROUPS OF HABITAT TYPES REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 5(1) AND (2)
1. Group 1: Seagrass beds
EUNIS code |
EUNIS habitat type name |
Related habitat type code as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC |
Atlantic |
||
MA522 |
Seagrass beds on Atlantic littoral sand |
1140; 1160 |
MA623 |
Seagrass beds on Atlantic littoral mud |
1140; 1160 |
MB522 |
Seagrass beds on Atlantic infralittoral sand |
1110; 1150; 1160 |
Baltic Sea |
|
|
MA332 |
Baltic hydrolittoral coarse sediment characterised by submerged vegetation |
1130; 1160; 1610; 1620 |
MA432 |
Baltic hydrolittoral mixed sediment characterised by submerged vegetation |
1130; 1140; 1160; 1610 |
MA532 |
Baltic hydrolittoral sand characterised by submerged rooted plants |
1130; 1140; 1160; 1610 |
MA632 |
Baltic hydrolittoral mud dominated by submerged rooted plants |
1130; 1140; 1160; 1650 |
MB332 |
Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterised by submerged rooted plants |
1110; 1160 |
MB432 |
Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterised by submerged rooted plants |
1110; 1160; 1650 |
MB532 |
Baltic infralittoral sand characterised by submerged rooted plants |
1110; 1130; 1150; 1160 |
MB632 |
Baltic infralittoral mud sediment characterised by submerged rooted plants |
1130; 1150; 1160; 1650 |
Black Sea |
|
|
MB546 |
Seagrass and rhizomatous algal meadows in Black Sea freshwater influenced infralittoral muddy sands |
1110; 1130; 1160 |
MB547 |
Black Sea seagrass meadows on moderately exposed upper infralittoral clean sands |
1110; 1160 |
MB548 |
Black Sea seagrass meadows on lower infralittoral sands |
1110; 1160 |
Mediterranean Sea |
|
|
MB252 |
Biocenosis of Posidonia oceanica |
1120 |
MB2521 |
Ecomorphosis of striped Posidonia oceanica meadows |
1120; 1130; 1160 |
MB2522 |
Ecomorphosis of ‘barrier-reef’Posidonia oceanica meadows |
1120; 1130; 1160 |
MB2523 |
Facies of dead ‘mattes’ of Posidonia oceanica without much epiflora |
1120; 1130; 1160 |
MB2524 |
Association with Caulerpa prolifera on Posidonia beds |
1120; 1130; 1160 |
MB5521 |
Association with Cymodocea nodosa on well sorted fine sands |
1110; 1130; 1160 |
MB5534 |
Association with Cymodocea nodosa on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters |
1110; 1130; 1160 |
MB5535 |
Association with Zostera noltei on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters |
1110; 1130; 1160 |
MB5541 |
Association with Ruppia cirrhosa and/or Ruppia maritima on sand |
1110; 1130; 1160 |
MB5544 |
Association with Zostera noltei in euryhaline and eurythermal environment on sand |
1110; 1130; 1160 |
MB5545 |
Association with Zostera marina in euryhaline and eurythermal environment |
1110; 1130; 1160 |
2. Group 2: Macroalgal forests
EUNIS code |
EUNIS habitat type name |
Related habitat type code as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC |
Atlantic |
||
MA123 |
Seaweed communities on full salinity Atlantic littoral rock |
1160; 1170; 1130 |
MA125 |
Fucoids on variable salinity Atlantic littoral rock |
1170; 1130 |
MB121 |
Kelp and seaweed communities on Atlantic infralittoral rock |
1170; 1160 |
MB123 |
Kelp and seaweed communities on sediment-affected or disturbed Atlantic infralittoral rock |
1170; 1160 |
MB124 |
Kelp communities on variable salinity Atlantic infralittoral rock |
1170; 1130; 1160 |
MB321 |
Kelp and seaweed communities on Atlantic infralittoral coarse sediment |
1160 |
MB521 |
Kelp and seaweed communities on Atlantic infralittoral sand |
1160 |
MB621 |
Vegetated communities on Atlantic infralittoral mud |
1160 |
Baltic Sea |
|
|
MA131 |
Baltic hydrolittoral rock and boulders characterised by perennial algae |
1160; 1170; 1130; 1610; 1620 |
MB131 |
Perennial algae on Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders |
1170; 1160 |
MB232 |
Baltic infralittoral bottoms characterised by shell gravel |
1160; 1110 |
MB333 |
Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterised by perennial algae |
1110; 1160 |
MB433 |
Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterised by perennial algae |
1110; 1130; 1160; 1170 |
Black Sea |
|
|
MB144 |
Mytilid-dominated Black Sea exposed upper infralittoral rock with fucales |
1170; 1160 |
MB149 |
Mytilid-dominated Black Sea moderately exposed upper infralittoral rock with fucales |
1170; 1160 |
MB14A |
Fucales and other algae on Black Sea sheltered upper infralittoral rock, well illuminated |
1170; 1160 |
Mediterranean Sea |
|
|
MA1548 |
Association with Fucus virsoides |
1160; 1170 |
MB1512 |
Association with Cystoseira tamariscifolia and Saccorhiza polyschides |
1170; 1160 |
MB1513 |
Association with Cystoseira amentacea (var. amentacea, var. stricta, var. spicata) |
1170; 1160 |
MB151F |
Association with Cystoseira brachycarpa |
1170; 1160 |
MB151G |
Association with Cystoseira crinita |
1170; 1160 |
MB151H |
Association with Cystoseira crinitophylla |
1170; 1160 |
MB151J |
Association with Cystoseira sauvageauana |
1170; 1160 |
MB151K |
Association with Cystoseira spinosa |
1170; 1160 |
MB151L |
Association with Sargassum vulgare |
1170; 1160 |
MB151M |
Association with Dictyopteris polypodioides |
1170; 1160 |
MB151W |
Association with Cystoseira compressa |
1170; 1160 |
MB1524 |
Association with Cystoseira barbata |
1170; 1160 |
MC1511 |
Association with Cystoseira zosteroides |
1170; 1160 |
MC1512 |
Association with Cystoseira usneoides |
1170; 1160 |
MC1513 |
Association with Cystoseira dubia |
1170; 1160 |
MC1514 |
Association with Cystoseira corniculata |
1170; 1160 |
MC1515 |
Association with Sargassum spp. |
1170; 1160 |
MC1518 |
Association with Laminaria ochroleuca |
1170; 1160 |
MC3517 |
Association with Laminaria rodriguezii on detritic beds |
1160 |
3. Group 3: Shellfish beds
EUNIS code |
EUNIS habitat type name |
Related habitat type code as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC |
Atlantic |
||
MA122 |
Mytilus edulis and/or barnacle communities on wave-exposed Atlantic littoral rock |
1160; 1170 |
MA124 |
Mussel and/or barnacle communities with seaweeds on Atlantic littoral rock |
1160; 1170 |
MA227 |
Bivalve reefs in the Atlantic littoral zone |
1170; 1140 |
MB222 |
Bivalve reefs in the Atlantic infralittoral zone |
1170; 1130; 1160 |
MC223 |
Bivalve reefs in the Atlantic circalittoral zone |
1170 |
Baltic Sea |
|
|
MB231 |
Baltic infralittoral bottoms dominated by epibenthic bivalves |
1170; 1160 |
MC231 |
Baltic circalittoral bottoms dominated by epibenthic bivalves |
1170; 1160; 1110 |
MD231 |
Baltic offshore circalittoral biogenic bottoms characterised by epibenthic bivalves |
1170 |
MD232 |
Baltic offshore circalittoral shell gravel bottoms characterised by bivalves |
1170 |
MD431 |
Baltic offshore circalittoral mixed bottoms characterised by macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures |
|
MD531 |
Baltic offshore circalittoral sand characterised by macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures |
|
MD631 |
Baltic offshore circalittoral mud characterised by epibenthic bivalves |
|
Black Sea |
|
|
MB141 |
Invertebrate-dominated Black Sea lower infralittoral rock |
1170 |
MB143 |
Mytilid-dominated Black Sea exposed upper infralittoral rock with foliose algae (no Fucales) |
1170; 1160 |
MB148 |
Mytilid-dominated Black Sea moderately exposed upper infralittoral rock with foliose algae (other than Fucales) |
1170; 1160 |
MB242 |
Mussel beds in the Black Sea infralittoral zone |
1170; 1130; 1160 |
MB243 |
Oyster reefs on Black Sea lower infralittoral rock |
1170 |
MB642 |
Black Sea infralittoral terrigenous muds |
1160 |
MC141 |
Invertebrate-dominated Black Sea circalittoral rock |
1170 |
MC241 |
Mussel beds on Black Sea circalittoral terrigenous muds |
1170 |
MC645 |
Black Sea lower circalittoral mud |
|
Mediterranean Sea |
|
|
MA1544 |
Facies with Mytilus galloprovincialis in waters enriched in organic matter |
1160; 1170 |
MB1514 |
Facies with Mytilus galloprovincialis |
1170; 1160 |
|
Mediterranean infralittoral oyster beds |
|
|
Mediterranean circalittoral oyster beds |
|
4. Group 4: Maerl beds
EUNIS code |
EUNIS habitat type name |
Related habitat type code as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC |
Atlantic |
||
MB322 |
Maerl beds on Atlantic infralittoral coarse sediment |
1110; 1160 |
MB421 |
Maerl beds on Atlantic infralittoral mixed sediment |
1110; 1160 |
MB622 |
Maerl beds on Atlantic infralittoral muddy sediment |
1110; 1160 |
Mediterranean Sea |
|
|
MB3511 |
Association with rhodolithes in coarse sands and fine gravels mixed by waves |
1110; 1160 |
MB3521 |
Association with rhodolithes in coarse sands and fine gravels under the influence of bottom currents |
1110; 1160 |
MB3522 |
Association with maerl (= Association with Lithothamnion corallioides and Phymatolithon calcareum) on Mediterranean coarse sands and gravel |
1110; 1160 |
MC3521 |
Association with rhodolithes on coastal detritic bottoms |
1110 |
MC3523 |
Association with maerl (Lithothamnion corallioides and Phymatholithon calcareum) on coastal dendritic bottoms |
1110 |
5. Group 5: Sponge, coral and coralligenous beds
EUNIS code |
EUNIS habitat type name |
Related habitat type code as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC |
Atlantic |
||
MC121 |
Faunal turf communities on Atlantic circalittoral rock |
1170 |
MC124 |
Faunal communities on variable salinity Atlantic circalittoral rock |
1170; 1130 |
MC126 |
Communities of Atlantic circalittoral caves and overhangs |
8330; 1170 |
MC222 |
Cold water coral reefs in the Atlantic circalittoral zone |
1170 |
MD121 |
Sponge communities on Atlantic offshore circalittoral rock |
1170 |
MD221 |
Cold water coral reefs in the Atlantic offshore circalittoral zone |
1170 |
ME122 |
Sponge communities on Atlantic upper bathyal rock |
1170 |
ME123 |
Mixed cold water coral communities on Atlantic upper bathyal rock |
1170 |
ME221 |
Atlantic upper bathyal cold water coral reef |
1170 |
ME322 |
Mixed cold water coral community on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment |
|
ME324 |
Sponge aggregation on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment |
|
ME422 |
Sponge aggregation on Atlantic upper bathyal mixed sediment |
|
ME623 |
Sponge aggregation on Atlantic upper bathyal mud |
|
ME624 |
Erect coral field on Atlantic upper bathyal mud |
|
MF121 |
Mixed cold water coral community on Atlantic lower bathyal rock |
1170 |
MF221 |
Atlantic lower bathyal cold water coral reef |
1170 |
MF321 |
Mixed cold water coral community on Atlantic lower bathyal coarse sediment |
|
MF622 |
Sponge aggregation on Atlantic lower bathyal mud |
|
MF623 |
Erect coral field on Atlantic lower bathyal mud |
|
Baltic Sea |
|
|
MB138 |
Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic sponges |
1170; 1160 |
MB43A |
Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by epibenthic sponges (Porifera) |
1160; 1170 |
MC133 |
Baltic circalittoral rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic cnidarians |
1170; 1160 |
MC136 |
Baltic circalittoral rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic sponges |
1170; 1160 |
MC433 |
Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment characterized by epibenthic cnidarians |
1160; 1170 |
MC436 |
Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment characterized by epibenthic sponges |
1160 |
Black Sea |
|
|
MD24 |
Black Sea offshore circalittoral biogenic habitats |
1170 |
ME14 |
Black Sea upper bathyal rock |
1170 |
ME24 |
Black Sea upper bathyal biogenic habitat |
1170 |
MF14 |
Black Sea lower bathyal rock |
1170 |
Mediterranean Sea |
|
|
MB151E |
Facies with Cladocora caespitosa |
1170; 1160 |
MB151Q |
Facies with Astroides calycularis |
1170; 1160 |
MB151α |
Facies and association of coralligenous biocenosis (in enclave) |
1170; 1160 |
MC1519 |
Facies with Eunicella cavolini |
1170; 1160 |
MC151A |
Facies with Eunicella singularis |
1170; 1160 |
MC151B |
Facies with Paramuricea clavata |
1170; 1160 |
MC151E |
Facies with Leptogorgia sarmentosa |
1170; 1160 |
MC151F |
Facies with Anthipatella subpinnata and sparse red algae |
1170; 1160 |
MC151G |
Facies with massive sponges and sparse red algae |
1170; 1160 |
MC1522 |
Facies with Corallium rubrum |
8330; 1170 |
MC1523 |
Facies with Leptopsammia pruvoti |
8330; 1170 |
MC251 |
Coralligenous platforms |
1170 |
MC6514 |
Facies of sticky muds with Alcyonium palmatum and Parastichopus regalis on circalittoral mud |
1160 |
MD151 |
Biocenosis of Mediterranean shelf-edge rock |
1170 |
MD25 |
Mediterranean offshore circalittoral biogenic habitats |
1170 |
MD6512 |
Facies of sticky muds with Alcyonium palmatum and Parastichopus regalis on lower circalittoral mud |
|
ME1511 |
Mediterranean upper bathyal Lophelia pertusa reefs |
1170 |
ME1512 |
Mediterranean upper bathyal Madrepora oculata reefs |
1170 |
ME1513 |
Mediterranean upper bathyal Madrepora oculata and Lophelia pertusa reefs |
1170 |
ME6514 |
Mediterranean upper bathyal facies of with Pheronema carpenteri |
|
MF1511 |
Mediterranean lower bathyal Lophelia pertusa reefs |
1170 |
MF1512 |
Mediterranean lower bathyal Madrepora oculata reefs |
1170 |
MF1513 |
Mediterranean lower bathyal Madrepora oculata and Lophelia pertusa reefs |
1170 |
MF6511 |
Mediterranean lower bathyal facies of sandy muds with Thenea muricata |
|
MF6513 |
Mediterranean lower bathyal facies of compact muds with Isidella elongata |
|
6. Group 6: Vents and seeps
EUNIS code |
EUNIS habitat type name |
Related habitat type code as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC |
Atlantic |
||
MB128 |
Vents and seeps in Atlantic infralittoral rock |
1170; 1160; 1180 |
MB627 |
Vents and seeps in Atlantic infralittoral mud |
1130; 1160 |
MC127 |
Vents and seeps in Atlantic circalittoral rock |
1170; 1180 |
MC622 |
Vents and seeps in Atlantic circalittoral mud |
1160 |
MD122 |
Vents and seeps on Atlantic offshore circalittoral rock |
1170 |
MD622 |
Vents and seeps in Atlantic offshore circalittoral mud |
|
7. Group 7: Soft sediments (not deeper than 1 000 metres of depth)
EUNIS code |
EUNIS habitat type name |
Related habitat type code as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC |
Atlantic |
||
MA32 |
Atlantic littoral coarse sediment |
1130; 1160 |
MA42 |
Atlantic littoral mixed sediment |
1130; 1140; 1160 |
MA52 |
Atlantic littoral sand |
1130; 1140; 1160 |
MA62 |
Atlantic littoral mud |
1130; 1140; 1160 |
MB32 |
Atlantic infralittoral coarse sediment |
1110; 1130; 1160 |
MB42 |
Atlantic infralittoral mixed sediment |
1110; 1130; 1150; 1160 |
MB52 |
Atlantic infralittoral sand |
1110; 1130; 1150; 1160 |
MB62 |
Atlantic infralittoral mud |
1110; 1130; 1160 |
MC32 |
Atlantic circalittoral coarse sediment |
1110; 1160 |
MC42 |
Atlantic circalittoral mixed sediment |
1110; 1160 |
MC52 |
Atlantic circalittoral sand |
1110; 1160 |
MC62 |
Atlantic circalittoral mud |
1160 |
MD32 |
Atlantic offshore circalittoral coarse sediment |
|
MD42 |
Atlantic offshore circalittoral mixed sediment |
|
MD52 |
Atlantic offshore circalittoral sand |
|
MD62 |
Atlantic offshore circalittoral mud |
|
ME32 |
Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment |
|
ME42 |
Atlantic upper bathyal mixed sediment |
|
ME52 |
Atlantic upper bathyal sand |
|
ME62 |
Atlantic upper bathyal mud |
|
MF32 |
Atlantic lower bathyal coarse sediment |
|
MF42 |
Atlantic lower bathyal mixed sediment |
|
MF52 |
Atlantic lower bathyal sand |
|
MF62 |
Atlantic lower bathyal mud |
|
Baltic Sea |
|
|
MA33 |
Baltic hydrolittoral coarse sediment |
1130; 1160; 1610; 1620 |
MA43 |
Baltic hydrolittoral mixed sediment |
1130; 1140; 1160; 1610 |
MA53 |
Baltic hydrolittoral sand |
1130; 1140; 1160; 1610 |
MA63 |
Baltic hydrolittoral mud |
1130; 1140; 1160; 1650 |
MB33 |
Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment |
1110; 1150; 1160 |
MB43 |
Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment |
1110; 1130; 1150; 1160; 1170; 1650 |
MB53 |
Baltic infralittoral sand |
1110; 1130; 1150; 1160 |
MB63 |
Baltic infralittoral mud |
1130; 1150; 1160; 1650 |
MC33 |
Baltic circalittoral coarse sediment |
1110; 1160 |
MC43 |
Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment |
1160; 1170 |
MC53 |
Baltic circalittoral sand |
1110; 1160 |
MC63 |
Baltic circalittoral mud |
1160; 1650 |
MD33 |
Baltic offshore circalittoral coarse sediment |
|
MD43 |
Baltic offshore circalittoral mixed sediment |
|
MD53 |
Baltic offshore circalittoral sand |
|
MD63 |
Baltic offshore circalittoral mud |
|
Black Sea |
|
|
MA34 |
Black Sea littoral coarse sediment |
1160 |
MA44 |
Black Sea littoral mixed sediment |
1130; 1140; 1160 |
MA54 |
Black Sea littoral sand |
1130; 1140; 1160 |
MA64 |
Black Sea littoral mud |
1130; 1140; 1160 |
MB34 |
Black Sea infralittoral coarse sediment |
1110; 1160 |
MB44 |
Black Sea infralittoral mixed sediment |
1110; 1170 |
MB54 |
Black Sea infralittoral sand |
1110; 1130; 1160 |
MB64 |
Black Sea infralittoral mud |
1130; 1160 |
MC34 |
Black Sea circalittoral coarse sediment |
1160 |
MC44 |
Black Sea circalittoral mixed sediment |
|
MC54 |
Black Sea circalittoral sand |
1160 |
MC64 |
Black Sea circalittoral mud |
1130; 1160 |
MD34 |
Black Sea offshore circalittoral coarse sediment |
|
MD44 |
Black Sea offshore circalittoral mixed sediment |
|
MD54 |
Black Sea offshore circalittoral sand |
|
MD64 |
Black Sea offshore circalittoral mud |
|
Mediterranean Sea |
|
|
MA35 |
Mediterranean littoral coarse sediment |
1160; 1130 |
MA45 |
Mediterranean littoral mixed sediment |
1140; 1160 |
MA55 |
Mediterranean littoral sand |
1130; 1140; 1160 |
MA65 |
Mediterranean littoral mud |
1130; 1140; 1150; 1160 |
MB35 |
Mediterranean infralittoral coarse sediment |
1110; 1160 |
MB45 |
Mediterranean infralittoral mixed sediment |
|
MB55 |
Mediterranean infralittoral sand |
1110; 1130; 1150; 1160 |
MB65 |
Mediterranean infralittoral mud |
1130; 1150 |
MC35 |
Mediterranean circalittoral coarse sediment |
1110; 1160 |
MC45 |
Mediterranean circalittoral mixed sediment |
|
MC55 |
Mediterranean circalittoral sand |
1110; 1160 |
MC65 |
Mediterranean circalittoral mud |
1130; 1160 |
MD35 |
Mediterranean offshore circalittoral coarse sediment |
|
MD45 |
Mediterranean offshore circalittoral mixed sediment |
|
MD55 |
Mediterranean offshore circalittoral sand |
|
MD65 |
Mediterranean offshore circalittoral mud |
|
ME35 |
Mediterranean upper bathyal coarse sediment |
|
ME45 |
Mediterranean upper bathyal mixed sediment |
|
ME55 |
Mediterranean upper bathyal sand |
|
ME65 |
Mediterranean upper bathyal mud |
|
MF35 |
Mediterranean lower bathyal coarse sediment |
|
MF45 |
Mediterranean lower bathyal mixed sediment |
|
MF55 |
Mediterranean lower bathyal sand |
|
MF65 |
Mediterranean lower bathyal mud |
|
ANNEX III
MARINE SPECIES REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 5(5)
ANNEX IV
LIST OF BIODIVERSITY INDICATORS FOR AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 11(2)
Indicator |
Description, units, and methodology for determining and monitoring the indicator |
||||
Grassland butterfly index |
Description: This indicator is composed of species considered to be characteristic of European grasslands and which occur in a large part of Europe, covered by the majority of the Butterfly Monitoring Schemes. It is based on the geometric mean of species trends. Unit: Index. Methodology: as developed and used by Butterfly Conservation Europe, Van Swaay, C.A.M, Assessing Butterflies in Europe - Butterfly Indicators 1990-2018, Technical report, Butterfly Conservation Europe, 2020. |
||||
Stock of organic carbon in cropland mineral soils |
Description: This indicator describes the stock of organic carbon in cropland mineral soils at a depth of 0 to 30 cm. Unit: Tonnes of organic carbon/ha. Methodology: as set out in Annex V to Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 in accordance with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and as supported by the Land Use and Coverage Area frame Survey (LUCAS) Soil, Jones A. et al., LUCAS Soil 2022, JRC technical report, Publications Office of the European Union, 2021. |
||||
Share of agricultural land with high-diversity landscape features |
Description: High-diversity landscape features, such as buffer strips, hedgerows, individual or groups of trees, tree rows, field margins, patches, ditches, streams, small wetlands, terraces, cairns, stonewalls, small ponds and cultural features, are elements of permanent natural or semi-natural vegetation present in an agricultural context which provide ecosystem services and support for biodiversity. In order to do so, landscape features need to be subject to as little negative external disturbances as possible to provide safe habitats for various taxa, and therefore need to comply with the following conditions:
Land lying fallow, including temporarily, can be considered as high diversity landscape features if it complies with criteria set out under (a) and (b) of the second paragraph. Productive trees part of sustainable agroforestry systems or trees in extensive old orchards on permanent grassland and productive elements in hedges can also be considered as high diversity landscape features, if they comply with criterion set out under (b) of the second paragraph, and if harvests take place only at moments where it would not compromise high biodiversity levels. Unit: Percent (share of Utilised Agricultural Area). Methodology: as developed under indicator I.21, Annex I to Regulation (EU) 2021/2115, as based on latest updated version of LUCAS for landscape elements, Ballin M. et al., Redesign sample for Land Use/Cover Area frame Survey (LUCAS), Eurostat 2018, and for land laying fallow, Farm Structure, Reference Metadata in Single Integrated Metadata Structure, online publication, Eurostat and, where applicable, for high diversity landscape features not covered by the methodology above, methodology developed by Member States in accordance with Article 14(7) of this Regulation. The LUCAS methodology is updated on a regular basis to enhance the reliability of the data used in the Union and, at national level, by Member States when implementing their national restoration plans. |
ANNEX V
COMMON FARMLAND BIRD INDEX AT NATIONAL LEVEL
Description
List of species used for the common farmland bird index in the Member States
Belgium - Flanders |
Belgium - Wallonia |
Alauda arvensis |
Alauda arvensis |
Anthus pratensis |
Anthus pratensis |
Emberiza citrinella |
Corvus frugilegus |
Falco tinnunculus |
Emberiza citrinella |
Haematopus ostralegus |
Falco tinnunculus |
Hirundo rustica |
Hirundo rustica |
Limosa limosa |
Lanius collurio |
Linaria cannabin |
Linaria cannabina |
Motacilla flava |
Miliaria calandra |
Numenius arquata |
Motacilla flava |
Passer montanus |
Passer montanus |
Perdix perdi |
Perdix perdix |
Saxicola torquatus |
Saxicola torquatus |
Sylvia communis |
Streptopelia turtur |
Vanellus vanellus |
Sturnus vulgaris |
|
Sylvia communis |
|
Vanellus vanellus |
Bulgaria
Czechia
Denmark
Germany
Estonia
Ireland
Greece
Spain
France
Croatia
Italy
Cyprus
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Hungary
Malta
Netherlands
Austria
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovenia
Slovakia
Finland
Sweden
ANNEX VI
LIST OF BIODIVERSITY INDICATORS FOR FOREST ECOSYSTEMS REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 12(2) AND 12(3)
Indicator |
Description, units, and methodology for determining and monitoring the indicator |
Standing deadwood |
Description: This indicator shows the amount of non-living standing woody biomass in forest and other wooded land. Unit: m3/ha. Methodology: as developed and used by FOREST EUROPE, State of Europe’s Forests 2020, FOREST EUROPE 2020, and in the description of national forest inventories in Tomppo E. et al., National Forest Inventories, Pathways for Common Reporting, Springer, 2010, and taking into account the methodology as set out in Annex V to Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 in accordance with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. |
Lying deadwood |
Description: This indicator shows the amount of non-living woody biomass lying on the ground in forest and other wooded land. Unit: m3/ha. Methodology: as developed and used by FOREST EUROPE, State of Europe’s Forests 2020, FOREST EUROPE 2020, and in the description of national forest inventories in Tomppo E. et al., National Forest Inventories, Pathways for Common Reporting, Springer, 2010, and taking into account the methodology as set out in Annex V to Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 in accordance with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. |
Share of forests with uneven-aged structure |
Description: This indicator refers to the share of forests available for wood supply (FAWS) with uneven-aged structure in forests as compared to even-aged structure in forests. Unit: Percent of FAWS with uneven-aged structure. Methodology: as developed and used by FOREST EUROPE, State of Europe’s Forests 2020, FOREST EUROPE 2020, and in the description of national forest inventories in Tomppo E. et al., National Forest Inventories, Pathways for Common Reporting, Springer, 2010. |
Forest connectivity |
Description: Forest connectivity is the degree of compactness of forest covered areas. It is defined in the range of 0 to 100. Unit: Index. Methodology: as developed by FAO, Vogt P., et al., FAO – State of the World’s Forests: Forest Fragmentation, JRC Technical Report, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2019. |
Common forest birds index |
Description: The forest bird indicator describes trends in the abundance of common forest birds across their European ranges over time. It is a composite index created from observational data of bird species characteristic for forest habitats in Europe. The index is based on a specific list of species in each Member State. Unit: Index. Methodology: Brlík et al. Long-term and large-scale multispecies dataset tracking population changes of common European breeding birds, Sci Data 8, 21. 2021. |
Stock of organic carbon |
Description: This indicator describes the stock of organic carbon in the litter and in the mineral soil at a depth of 0 to 30 cm in forest ecosystems. Unit: Tonnes organic carbon/ha. Methodology: as set out in Annex V to Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 in accordance with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and as supported by the Land Use and Coverage Area frame Survey (LUCAS) Soil, Jones A. et al., LUCAS Soil 2022, JRC technical report, Publications Office of the European Union, 2021. |
Share of forest dominated by native tree species |
Description: Share of forest and other wooded land dominated by (>50 % coverage) native tree species. Unit: Percent. Methodology: as developed and used by FOREST EUROPE, State of Europe’s Forests 2020, FOREST EUROPE 2020, and in the description of national forest inventories in Tomppo E. et al., National Forest Inventories, Pathways for Common Reporting, Springer, 2010. |
Tree species diversity |
Description: This indicator describes the mean number of tree species occurring in forest areas. Unit: Index. Methodology: Based on FOREST EUROPE, State of Europe’s Forests 2020, FOREST EUROPE 2020, and in the description of national forest inventories in Tomppo E. et al., National Forest Inventories, Pathways for Common Reporting, Springer, 2010. |