PROTOCOL
to the 1979 Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution concerning the control of emissions of nitrogen oxides or their transboundary fluxes
Article 1
Definitions
Article 2
Basic obligations
Article 3
Exchange of technology
Article 4
Unleaded fuel
Article 5
Review process
Article 6
Work to be undertaken
Article 7
National programmes, policies and strategies
Article 8
Information exchange and annual reporting
Article 9
Calculations
Article 10
Technical Annex
Article 11
Amendments to the Protocol
Article 12
Settlement of disputes
Article 13
Signature
Article 14
Ratification, acceptance, approval and accession
Article 15
Entry into force
Article 16
Withdrawal
Article 17
Authentic texts
TECHNICAL ANNEX
I. CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES FOR NO
x
-EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY SOURCES
Combustion plants
|
Plant type(4) |
Uncontrolled baseline |
Existing plant retrofit(5) |
New plant |
O2 (%) |
||
Range |
Tropical value |
||||||
Solid Fuels |
10(6) to 300 MW |
Grate combustion (coal) |
|||||
Fluidized bed combustion |
300-1 000 |
— |
600 |
400 |
7 |
||
|
300-600 |
— |
— |
400 |
7 |
||
|
150-300 |
— |
— |
200 |
7 |
||
Pulverized coal combustion |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
700-1 700 |
600-1 100 |
800 |
< 600 |
6 |
||
|
1 000-2 300 |
1 000-1 400 |
— |
< 1 000 |
6 |
||
> 300 MW |
Pulverized coal combustion |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
700-1 700 |
600-1 100 |
— |
< 600 |
6 |
||
|
1 000-2 300 |
1 000-1 400 |
— |
< 1 000 |
6 |
||
Liquid Fuels |
10(6) to 300 MW |
Distillate oil combustion |
— |
— |
300 |
— |
3 |
Residual oil combustion |
500-1 400 |
200-400 |
400 |
— |
3 |
||
> 300 MW |
Residual oil combustion |
200-1 400 |
200-400 |
— |
— |
3 |
|
Gaseous Fuels |
10(6) to 300 MW |
|
150-1 000 |
100-300 |
— |
< 300 |
3 |
> 300 MW |
|
250-1 400 |
100-300 |
— |
< 300 |
3 |
Stationary gas turbines and internal combustion (IC) engines
Industrial process furnaces — Cement calcination
Non-combustion processes — Nitric acid production
II. CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES FOR NO
X
EMISSIONS FROM MOTOR VEHICLES
Petrol-fuelled and diesel-fuelled passenger cars (M
1
)
Standard |
Limits |
Comments |
||
|
HC + NOX: 19-28 g/test |
Current ECE standard (Regulation No 15, including the 04 series of amendments, pursuant to the 1953 Agreement referred to all paragraph 16 above), also adopted by the European Economic Community (Directive 83/351/EEC). ECE R. 15 urban test cycle. Emission limit varies with vehicle mass. |
||
|
HC + NOX: 1,4-2,0 l: 8,0 g/test This standard only used to group technology (< 1,4 l: 15,0 g/test; >2,0 l: 6,5 g/test) |
Standards to be introduced during 1988 to 1993 in the European Economic Community, as discussed at the 1985 Luxembourg meeting of the EEC Council of Ministers and finally agreed upon in December 1987. ECE R. 15 urban test cycle applies. Standard for engines > 2 1 is generally equivalent to US 1983 standard. Standard for engines < 1,4 l is provisional, definite standard to be elaborated. Standard for engines of 1,4-2,0 applies to all diesel cars > 1,4 l. |
||
|
NOX: 0,62 g/km |
Standards for national legislation based on the ‘master document’ developed after the 1985 Stockholm meeting of Environment Ministers from eight countries. Matching US 1987 standards, with the following test procedures: US Federal Test Procedure (1975); highway fuel economy test procedure. |
||
NOX: 0,76 g/km |
||||
|
NOX: 0,25 g/km |
Standards to be introduced in the State of California, United States from 1989 models onwards. US Federal Test Procedure. |
Standard |
Technology |
Composite(7) NOX reduction (%) |
Additional(8) production cost (1986 in Swiss francs) |
Fuel consumption index(7) |
||
A. |
Baseline (Current conventional spark-ignition engine with carburettor) |
(9) |
— |
100 |
||
B. |
|
25 |
200 |
105 |
||
|
55 |
150 |
103 |
|||
|
60 |
200-600 |
90 |
|||
C. |
Closed-loop three-way catalyst |
90 |
300-600 |
95 |
||
D. |
Closed-loop three-way catalyst (+ EGR) |
92 |
350-600 |
98 |
Standard |
HC-reduction (%) |
CO-reduction (%) |
B. |
(a) 30-40 |
50 |
(b) 50-60 |
40-50 |
|
(c) 70-90 |
70-90 |
|
C. |
90 |
90 |
D. |
90 |
90 |
Other light-duty vehicles (N
1
)
Heavy-duty petrol-fuelled vehicles (M
2
, M
3
, N
2
, N
3
)
Heavy-duty diesel-fuelled vehicles (M
2
, M
3
, N
2
, N
3
)
Standard |
NOX limits (g/kWh) |
Comments |
I. ECER. 49 |
18 |
13 mode test |
II. US-1990 |
8,0 |
Transient test |
III. US-1991 |
6,7 |
Transient test |
Standard |
Technology |
NOX reduction estimate (%) |
Additional production (cost (1984 US$) |
I. |
Current conventional direct injection diesel engine |
— |
— |
II.(13) |
Turbo-charging + after-cooling + injection timing retard (combustion chamber and port modification) (naturally-aspirated engines are unlikely to meet this standard) |
40 |
$115 ($69 attributable to NOX standard)(14) |
III.(13) |
Further refinements of technologies listed under II together with variable injection timing and use of electronics |
50 |
$404 ($68 attributable to NOX standard)(14) |